A-32

 **__Soviet Domination__** toc

//**__The Cold War Thaws and Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China__**//
Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khrushchev took over, unlike many other leaders in Russia he was the son of miner who belonged in the working class. He joined the Russian Communist Party and he served as a political worker in the Red Army during the Civil War. His ideas would often clash with Stalin's Heir, Gerogy Malenkov. Because of his control of the local party leaders he defeated Malenkov and now controlled the Soviet Union. After the death of Stalin he became the leader. He also condemned Stalin and his first task was to start Desalinization, which was the purging of the country of Stalin's memories. He gave a "secret speech" on February 24th explaining Stalin and his awful works. Workers destroyed the former dictator's monuments. However, destalinization was complete when his body was removed from the Lenin mausoleum (Aspaturin, et.al). He also thought that if he could get Eastern Europe to destalinize than the barrier against the West who was capitalist could loosen (Cornwall). But in Satellite countries, citizens of Hungarian Soviet- controlled government resentment turned into active protest. In one protest to over throw Hungary's Soviet-controlled government, the people declared, "From the youngest child to the oldest man, no one wants communism" (Beck, et.al 554).

Imre Nagy, was the former Prime Minister but after Gerogy Malenkov left office he was forced to resign and he was expelled from the communist party. After a couple of years he announced a "far reaching democracy" and a Hungarian form of socialism with its own national characteristics. He also announced that his top priorities were to improve the life of daily workers and that political prisoners to be released (Nagy, Imre). Khrushchev sent Soviet Military to put down Hungarian Freedom Fighters. Thousands of Hungarian freedom fighters armed themselves with pistols and bottles, but were overwhelmed. Then the pro-Soviet government was installed and Nagy was executed (Beck, et.al 554).

**//__The Revolt in Czechoslovakia__//**
Khrushchev lost prestige in his own country after the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 (Beck, et.al 555). The Cuban Missile Crisis was when the Soviet Union was behind the U.S. in the arms race. Soviet's missiles were not powerful enough to be launched against the U.S. But U.S.'s missiles were powerful enough to attack the whole Soviet Union. So Khrushchev's idea was to place intermediate-range missiles in Cuba. The U.S. found out and John F. Kennedy took action. He placed U.S. troops ready for action. This surprised Khrushchev and he immediately backed down. He then wrote a letter to Kennedy explaining that he will remove all the missiles if he promised not to attack on Cuba (Cornwall). Two years later, the party leaders removed him from power and had Leonid Brezhnev replace him. Leonid was the son of Russian metalworker and was a factory worker himself. He joined the the Communist party (CPSU) in 1931. After many years of service in different parties he was called to Moscow in 1956. Leonid was appointed Central Committee Secretary in charge of heavy industry and capital construction. Because he led the group that ousted Nikita he became Secretary-general of CPSU (Smolansky). Not everyone was happy about this change in leadership so the government was very strict on what was published and Brezhnev clammed down whoever protested against him. His secret police even arrested Aleksander Solzhenistn, winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize award and he was expelled from the Soviet Union (Beck, et.al 555).

He also did not tolerate dissent in Eastern Europe. The Czech communist leader, Alexander Dubcek loosened controls on censorship to offer his country Socialism. In this time of reform, when Czechoslovakia's capital had new ideas, which became known as the Prague Spring. But it did not survive the summer, on August 20th, Warsaw pact nations invaded Czechoslovakia (Beck, et.al 555). The Warsaw Pact included countries such as, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Romania (Cornwall). After this attack Brezhnev claimed that the Soviet Union had the right to prevent its Satellites from rejecting communism, which is known as the Brezhnev Doctrine (beck, et.al 555).

//**__Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China and the Soviet-Chinese Split__**//
Mao travelled to Moscow to negotiate the 1950 Sino- Soviet Treaty of Friendship. So in 1950 Mao and Stalin signed the friendship treaty. Stalin was the leader or better known officially as dictator before Khrushchev. Under this treaty, China gave the Soviet Union certain rights such as continued use of a naval base at Lauda. The USSR in return gave them military support, weapons and large amounts of economic and technological assistance. The alliance between China and The Soviet Union also united Moscow and Beijing (Wang). This treaty worked really well because China and Soviets both wanted to be the communist leader of the world. Communism is a system of social organization in which all economic and social activity is controlled by a totalitarian state dominated by a single and self-perpetuating political party (Communism). But after the agreement the Soviets naturally thought that the Chinese would follow them in world affairs. But after the treaty the Chinese became more powerful and became more confident so they really didn't want to be in Russia's shadow. So they stared to spread their own form of communism in Africa and other parts of Asia. So Khrushchev in 1959 punished the Chinese for their independence by refusing to give economic aid and refused to share military secrets. After these changes the USSR and China fought small skirmishes across their common border. After many battles they come to a conclusion to hold a fragile peace but the treaty was never officially canceled (Beck, et. al 555).

//**__The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan__**//
Afghanistan kept its independence from both its allies; Soviet Union and the United States. But in the late 1950's Soviet influence began to increase. In late 1970's a muslim revolt threatened Afghanistan's communist party, which triggered a Soviet invasion in 1974. They invaded because they wanted to help the communist party from the rebels. This was not a successful invasion because they got stuck, and th e determined Afghanistan's rebel forces overpowered Russia (Beck, at. al 553).

The United States was on guard during this whole invasion because they considered that the soviet invasion was a threat to the middle eastern oil supplies. The current president Jimmy Carter for punishment stopped shipping grain to the soviet union and also boycotted the 1980 summer olympic in Moscow (Beck, et. al 553). 62 nations joined united states boycott but the athletes were very disappointed, they received congressional medals as a consolation but their hard work was gone to waste.

The Muslims rebels fought guerilla warfare against the Soviets with the help from the U.S. The method of fighting they used was the guerilla warfare which is a method of fighting where they use a hit and run tactics by small groups usually rebels against a force in fast moving pace (guerilla warfare). The Muslims use U.S.'s weapons and after the U.S. stopped shipping grain the Soviets withdrew in 1989 (Cornwall).

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