A-18

**Devastation in Europe and a Harvest of Destruction **
** Winston Churchill, speaking in the House of Common (11 June 1940. ** || ===**Many major cities within the couties of England, Germany and Poland sufered incredible damage during World War 2. Major cities of these coutries were London, Berlin and Warsaw. Warsaw was almost completely destroyed by the bombings and almost 95 percent of the central area of Berlin was wiped out. One U.S officer who was stationed in Germany reported "Where ever we looked we saw desolation. It was like a city of the dead." (Beck) After many cities have been reduced to ruins because of bombings many European citizens were lost and some were never found once order was restored. Although some cities were almost completly destroyed other great cities in Europe such as Paris, Rome and Brussels were luckily largely unaffected by the war.**===
 * ====** The Battle of France is over. The Battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization… The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war… Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duty, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth lasts for a thousand years, men will still say, //'This// //was// //their// //finest// //hour'.// **====

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 * One of the most famous battles that destroyed cities during World War II was the Battle of Britain. Right after the defeat of France, [|Adolf Hitler] ordered the invasion of Britain. This took place in 1940 between August and September. The Battle of Britain was a conflict between British and German air forces in the skies over the UK. The Germans[[image:http://www.the-battle-of-britain.co.uk/graphics/hurri-chase.gif width="160" height="120" align="right"]] goal was to control the English Channel to launch their invasion of Britain. (The Germans code-named Britain as "Operation Sealion") So in order to control the Channel they needed control of the air. This meant they had to take down the Royal Air Force (RAF) lead by [|Sir Hugh Dowding]. ****The Germans had stationed thousands of aircrafts all over France, Britain, Holland and Norway. But even with all this, Britain had the upper hand because they had an effective radar system. This gave them an early warning of the approach of the German planes. German fighters were limited to staying over England for about half an hour before having to fly back to their home bases so that they wouldn’t get caught. (Alan)** =====

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 * [[image:http://www2.needham.k12.ma.us/nhs/cur/wwII/%20WWII-p2-final/sbf_wwii_p2/radar.JPG width="286" height="208" align="left" caption="Soldiers working with the Radar System."]]As time went on England had over 51 radar instalations** **built all around the coast of Southern Britain.　Above all this, England also had The** **Royal Observer Corps (ROC), which was used as binoculars to do the same job as the radars. An advantage to the Germans was that their fighters had more experience with fighter planes than the British did. (Alan)** **The climax of the battle was when the British lost 50 aircraft, compared to the Germans who had lost 41. The RAF was very close to defeat but when Adolf Hitler changed his course of actions, he ordered the Luftwaffe to start targeting civilians instead of attacking British airfields. (Smith)**=====

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 * After **[|Charles Portal] found out about this, he immediatly **ordered his people to bomb and attack Berlin. This resulted to the British winning the battle and the Germans invasion had been toppled. The Radar System contributed largley with Britains victory. They were able to maintain air superiority.**=====

**Misery Continues After the war **

 * The table below shows how many civilians were killed because of the war around the World.**[[image:http://farm1.static.flickr.com/175/441531395_8e39a07d2e.jpg width="323" height="221" align="right" caption="Disturbing photo like this was unfortunatly common during and after WWII"]]**(Beck 515)**
 * **Countries:** || **Civililians killed...** ||
 * **United States** || **-** ||
 * **Great Britain** || **60,595** ||
 * **France** || **173,260 (Including 65,000 murdered Jews)** ||
 * **Germany** || **2,893,000 (Including 170,000 murdered Jews)** ||
 * **Japan** || **953,000** ||
 * **USSR (Russia)** || **7,720,000** ||
 * During World War II many people suffered and millions of lives were lost. Families were torn apart and cities were destroyed. World War II was the most destructive war in history. The suffering and misery continued for many years after the war as well. ****The war effected greatly on the land and people of Europe **

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 * [[image:http://www.britsattheirbest.com/images/f_wwii_ruins_children.gif width="277" height="204" align="left" caption="Children without their families and homes."]]・ Agriculture was disrupted due to the fighting **=====

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 * Many civilians tried to live their life as best as they could, under bad conditions. Some lived in partially destroyed homes and others lived in caves or cellars that have been broken down to pieces. They unfortunatly had no electricity, no water and limited food. On top of all of this it was not sanitary at all. Diseases spread and many more lives were lost after the war. Another thing that continued after the war was that woman not only did house work but they had to take on the jobs men usually did. They worked in factories to make weaons and planes for the soldiers. Seasons ofcourse effected their lives as well. During the winter many more suffered because they did not have shelter to keep them warm. Nor did they have jackets or shoes. It was an incredibly tough life for everyone, even though the war had ended. **=====

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 * After World War II, the goal of the electoral reform was for freedom of speech and a universal right to vote. After World War II, the legislators in most countries talked about the best electoral system to introduce stability in modern democracies through a lot of thought and population vote. proportional representation was the answer in most cases.**=====

[[image:http://www.anushka.info/world-rulers/img/italia-mussolini.jpg width="119" height="243" align="right" caption="Benito Mussolini"]]
=== **The political economist in the U.S., Ferdinand Aloys Hermans wrote the democracy of anarchy. He was critical about the governments voting that had driven Italy to Benito Mussolini’s fascism (A political Philosophy, movement or regime) in 1922 and Germany to Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime in 1933. Weimar Germany and postwar liberal Italy were chosen by Hermens as good examples of how government voting was unable to lock a strong democratic government. **=== ===**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal;">There were ****<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal;">different ways to solve this problem after 1945. The search for a stable government in France was completed in 1958 with the introduction of a two-stage vote, with a majority system in **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal;">single-member constituencies. This was the because of Charles De Gaulle's rule in the Fifth Repub- ===
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">lic. Another idea was the introduction of an election threshold together with Government voting in order to convince a party to win a minimum number of votes to be eligible to win any seats. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">The purpose of an election threshold is generally to keep very small parties from separating the parliament. A reinforced mixed system of single-member constituencies with government voting was introduced in the Republic of Germany in 1949 together with **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">a threshold of 5 percent, parties would have to get at least 5 percent of the votes in an election to make surtain of any representation. Most of the continental European countries have done some variant of strict PR. Only after the fall of the Berlin Wall, German reunification, the ending of the Warsaw Pact, and the start of the new Community of Independent States (CIS) out of the former Soviet Union were mixed systems of majority and governmental voting electoral systems, with threshold clauses, taken in by ex-communist countries as well as in Italy. (McNeill 70-85) **

=**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">The Nuremberg trials **=


 * The Nuremberg trials were for the Nazi's****who were involved in crimes during the Holocaust of World War II. The Nuremberg Trials were held after World War II and its purpose was to accuse Nazi’s for crimes against humanity. Of course no one can bring back the 11 million victims that they have killed back to life. But this act might serve to prevent similar horrors in the future. (Austin)**

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 * were put in trials because they helped Hitler in some way. Of cours****e there were punishments for them. Some had severe punishments whilst others had minor ones. The most famous Nazi leader was** [|Rudolf Hess]**. (Hitler’s former deputy) He was one of the most important leaders in the Nazi and as soon he was found guilty he was sentenced to death. (Bruner)**======

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 * There were many different kinds of punishment for the Nazi’s. Some were sentenced to life in prison, and others were executed. They were burned in the same ovens as the people they killed in the concentration camp. This was a symbolic punishment for the criminals for the Jews they have killed in the concentration camp.**=====

Sorces

 * Breuer, William B. //Top Secret Tales of World War II.// Canada: Wiley, 2000. Print.**

** Linklater, Magnus, Isabel Hilton, and Neal Ascherson. //The Nazi Legacy. USA.// Praeger, 1984. Print **

 * Ehrenfreund, Norbert. //The Nuremberg Legacy: How the Nazi War Crimes Trials Changed the Course of History.// Palgrave, 2007, Print. **
 * Axelrod, Alan. //"//Nuremberg Trials." //Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume II. Modern World History Online//. Web. May 8 2011.**
 * Axelrod, Alan. "Battle of Britain." //Encyclopedia of World War II//, Volume I. //Modern World History Online//. Web. May 6 2011.**
 * Wistrich, Robert S. "Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)." //Jewish Virtual Library. N.P., 1997.// Web. May 10 2011.**
 * H., Jim. "Biographies, Political Figures." //Comando Supremo Italy at War.// N.P., 15 February 2010. Web. May 10 2011.**
 * Morgan, Harry."My Holocaust Experience." T//hhjc.org.htm.// N.p., 4 April 2011. Web. May 6 2011. **
 * Smith, Greg J. "Early Radar Technology." //serialconsign.com. N.p.,// 13 July 2008. Web. May 10 2011**
 * Beck, Robert B., et al. //World History, Patterns of Interaction.//** **Vaughn, 2005. Print.**
 * Bruner, Jerome. "Spartacus Educational" spartacus schoolnet.org, N.p., Web. May 8 2011.**
 * "wartime politics." American Home Front in Would War II. Ed. Allison McNeill, et al.Vol. 1: Almanac. Detroit: UXL, 2005. 70-85. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web.12 May 2011**