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__ ﻿ ﻿ ﻿ __ Yalta Conference: A Postwar Plan

//** Introduction **// The Cold War emerged from a series of superpower initiatives and responses after WWII that created an environment of tension and distrust. "Cold War" itself was coined by journalist Walter Lippmann in 1947 critique of US policy toward Ruissa, with the containment theory and the Truman Doctrine. (Sibley 3)

//** Defi﻿ne the C﻿old Wa r and explain the U.S. Soviet postwar split. **// In February 1945, British, America, and Soviet Union leaders meet at the Soviet Black Sea Resort of Yalta. The leaders were Winston Churchill, British Prime Minister; Franklin D. Rosevelt of the U.S; and Joseph Stalin, Soviet Union. At the begining of the meeting, the Soviet Uni﻿on held the strongest European military position. The Soviet armies had control of much of Eastern Europe, and they were getting ready to enter Berlin, Germany. The agenda at the Yalta Conference included the major problems in a postwar Europe. The three powers agreed on many of the same points at this meeting. They were; (1) to accept the structure of a world peacekeeping organization that was to become the United Nations; (2) to re-establish order in Europe and to help the defeated countries create democratic governments; (3) to divide Germany into four different zones that would be occupied by Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and France; (4) to support the Soviet-backed government and hold free elections in Poland, and to extend the Soviet Union's territory into Poland; and lastly (5) to force Germany to give the Soviet Union equipment and other resources to make up for Soviet losses. (Clemens )

//**Churchill, Rosevelt, and Stalin agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation when WWII ends.**// The three powers all agreed that it would be smart to divide germany into zones of occupations following the end of World War II. Chur﻿chill, Rosevelt, and Stalin agreed that these zones would be controlled by the Allied millitary forces. It was propsed that germany would be divided into three different zones of occupation. This would give each of the powers; Europe, America, and Soviet Union; a zone. Later it was decided that a fourth zone should be made and it was given to France to occupy. The zones were divided by the population of the area. The Soviet Union had a larger space that they had control of because their zone was less populated. (Dufner 155)

//** The soviet leader, Joseph Stalin agrees to allow free elections in Eastern europe. **// Joseph Stalin promised free elections within Eastern Europe and declared war on Japan. There were also 50 other countries that were allies with the formed United Nations in 1945. This was so that no more wars could occur. At first Stalin refused the free elections, and this led to President Truman beginning a policy of containment- blocking the Soviets from further expansion. This was then the United States adopted The Marshall Plan in 1947. This sent food and machines to European countries to help them rebuild themselves from the war. The free elections happened after Germany was being deivded into seperate zones, that would be watched over and occupied by main allied powers. With Germany repaying the Soviet Union after the damage and loss of life, the Soviet Union said they would repay them with free elections. (Black, etc. all 531)

**//Creation of the United Nations.//** The United States and the Soviet Union set aside their differences and then joined 48 other countries ten forming the United Nations. This organization was to protect any of the members against aggression, based in New York. The peacekeeping organization built and established a new large body called the general. Votes the could be casted on a broad issue that was going on, or any broad issues. There was this one main power called the eleven-member council. This group was able to settle disputes, and its five permanent members were Britain, France, China, the Soviet Union and the United States. With the being said, even though the eleven-member body had all power, and of the 5 members could veto and action that the Security Council had made. (Black 1)

** Explain how states were represented in the UN and its security council. **   The purpose of the United Nations is to bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and development. It was based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members. Membership in the United Nations was open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present charter and, in the judgment of the organization, were able and willing to carry out these obligations. The admission of any state to membership in the United Nations would be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. The General Assembly was a large body established by the charter for the new peacekeeping organization. They discussed any questions or any matters within the scope of the present charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present harter. An eleven-member body, called the Security Council had the real power to investigate and settle disputes. In discharging these duties, the Security Council acted in accordance with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. It was required to submit annual and special reports to the General Assembly for its consideration. (Rupp 1)(Black, etc. all 532)

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//** Five permanent members have security council veto power. **//  Although the Security Council had a total of 15 members, only five of those members had a permanent seat on the council. Known as the "P-5" (permanent-five), these are the only states that may veto resolutions before the council.The f ive permanent members of the council were Britain, China, France, United States, and the Soviet Union. Each had the right to veto __any__ Security Council action. This was intended to prevent any members of the council from voting as a bloc to override the others. A Bloc is a group of countries that form together to work toward a common goal. In this case, the five permanent members of the council wouldn't be able to side with eachother to override other countries on the perm anent council. (Black, etc. all 532 )

**Sources:**

May 2011. http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/un.htm http://www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/article?id=ar612480&st=yalta+conference >
 * Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, and Dahia Ibo. Shabaka.// Modern World History Patterns of Interaction //. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, 2006. Print.
 * Black, Allida. The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers."United Nations." //Teaching Eleanor Roosevelt//, ed. et. al. (Hyde Park, New York, 2003. Web. 2
 * Clemens, Diane Shaver. "Yalta Conference." //World Book Advanced //. World Book, 2011. Web. 2 May 2011.
 * Dufner, Annette. // The History of Nations; Germany //. United States: Greenhaven, 2003. Print.
 * Fick, Maggie. "United Nations." // Www.enoughproject.org //. 16 Mar. 2009. Web. 1 May 2011. .
 * Joseph Stalin." // Http: //assassinscreed.wikia.com //. Web. 1 May 2011. . //

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 * Post-Cold War World: 1990-99 World Almanac & Book of Facts,

http://web.ebscohost.com/src/detail?sid=205492f8-1353-4b17-bf59-67a37e918419%40sessionmgr15&vid=5&hid=13&bdata=JnNpdGU9c3JjLWxpdmU%3d#db=ulh&AN=44744344
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 32px;">Sibley, Katherine A.S. // The Cold War //. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998. Print.