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__**Confrontations in Latin America**__ toc

=**__Cuban Missile Crisis ﻿ __**= This was the closest the world had ever come to a nuclear war. Cuba was led by a dictator named Batista who would later be taken over by the next dictator fidel castro. He maid health reforms and helped the poor alot but also was killing anybody who went up against him. This led americans to come back to america and make eggagerations of how bad it was there. The U.S. then stopped being business partners with them which severely hurt cuba because u.s trade was there biggest source of income. The Cuban missile crisis was part of the arms races and during the cold war. The soviet union was lagging behind in this race with the united states. The missiles where put there by the soviet union as strategy because the range of the missiles could not hit anywhere in the U.S. Until now, there missiles had such a weak range that they had no chance of even getting close to the united states. In October 1962 the missiles where discovered by a U.S. reconosance team over Cuba. The soviet union had sent 66 missiles and tons of troops to Cuba. The missiles where said to be strictly defensive because the cubans thought the united states was going to plan another invasion. But it was found on October tenth that they were not just defensive for the soviets and now some of the missiles had become active. Nikita Krushchev, the soviet leader, had then sent kennedy two different messages one saying that the missles from cuba would be removed if they promised not to invade cuba, then he added on that since the U.S. had bases in turkey they should be able to have bases in cuba therefore if they remove their missiles in Turkey they would take thiers out of Cuba. President Kennedy completly disregaurded the second part and try to negotiate that they would not invade cuba and the Soviet union would remove thier missiles. Kennedy then got together with the Soviet embassafor who convinced Kennedy to include that the U.S. would remove missiles from turkey. These terms where accepted and It was then on October 28 the missiles where removed from Cuba and the crisis was averted. The Cuban missle crisis was a important influencer in the cold war where the tensions where very high between the U.S. and the soviet union although there was actually no fighting.

= = =__Cuban Revolution__ = The Cuban Revolution was the revolt of the cubans against the spanish or Batista controlling cuba. The main leader of the rebellion was Fidel Castro. There were many small acts of rebellion, but the first large sign of rebellion was the Moncada Barrack attacks. This attack was led by Castro and was almost a complete disaster. Most if not all of the forces were imprisoned, tortured, or killed. Eventually Castro created another group called the 26th of July movement in honor of the attack of the Moncada barracks. Within the next 2 years Fidel worked his way up into power and overthrew the Batista.

__ **Bay of Pigs** __
At the Bay of Pigs or Playa Girón 1500 CIA trained mercenaries invaded invaded the Bay of Pigs.These "Mercenaries" Where Cuban refugees hoping to regain the freedom of their beloved country. America went in with hopes of removing Fidel Castro from power. However things wentvery wrong for them. Around 1200mercenaries where taken prisoner. only around 150 cuban soldiers were killed although hundreds were injured. The U.S. thenhad to pay compensation in medical supplies and food for cuban children in exchange for most of the mercenaries.

**__Fidel Castro__**
He was born August 13, 1926. As a young adult Fidel went to many strikes and helped others. In 1945 He started organizing revolts against the dictator of Cuba. Later Rebel forces led by Castro overthrew the Batista to put Castro as dictator of Cuba. Castro introduced Cuba to agricultural, medical, and education reforms that helped cuba incredibly. Castro despite being a dictator has been a very good leader. He had the ability to make crowds to be very interested and seemed to control control their emotions. Fidel's Popularity exploded once he over threw the Batista and then defeated the United States in the Bay of Pigs, which only lasted a short 2 days.

= =

= __Nicaraguan Civil War__ = The nicaraguan civil war was a war between the sandinstas and the contras. The Sandinistas overthrew the Nicaraguan president Anastasio Somoza. The United States did not like the Sandinistas who where at first supported by the Soviets. so the united states funded contras who where united states funded counterrevolutionaries who where responsible for countless deaths of Nicaraguans and millions of dollars in property damage. This war caused the Sandinistas to devote alot of money to thier national defense. The civilians did not approve of this war and also the economic and human cost and the lessening of basic goods. The war uprooted up to 600000 people and killed 30000-50000 people. When the FSLN took over resistances of contras organized militias some of the contras launched there attack on the Sandinistas. Alot of these contras where exiled sandinistas and ex- national guard men. People from the MILPAS and ex-Guardia obliterated the exiles. The United States secretly gave 19 million dollars to the CIA to recruit and train contras. then there was an amendment made which made a law against the united states helping the contras but they still found a way to help the contras and made there numbers increase substancially. Until there was another law made which allowed no help to the contras. The united states then helped them by illegally funding them by exchanging with the iranians who where helping the contras. The contra armies then grew rapidly until they overthrew the Sandinistas. == __**Daniel Ortega**__== Daniel ortega was a key figure in the nicaraguan civil war. He led the revolution and then he led the nation for 11 years. He was the rival of the U. S. and he was supported by the soviets and the cuban leader fidel castro. He also led his sandinista party to pursued a socialist economic program. When they fought in the civil war they lost 50,000 lives by the contras, a group funded by the united states to stop the Sandinistas.

__**Anastasio Somoza**__
He was the nicaraguan "president". Somoza rose to power by gradually gaining guard control and then overthrowing the president Sacasa by military revolt. Under Somoza he enriched himself his family and his friends. throughout his reign he had good reltaions with the U.S. Somoza helped his family keep the throne and was the leader until finally overthrown in 1979 by the sandinistas.

=**__Association of nonaligned Nations__**= Many nations during World War I and the cold wanted to maintain neutrality. Many of the nations were located in Asia and Africa. They wanted to remain neutral because of many reasons such as financial troubles or having a revolution in their country and not having enough resources to fuel both. These countries decided to meet in Indonesia at the Bandung Conference. They did this to seek leader ship in the world as to not be left out. This was called the Nonaligned movement. Even though the cold war has ended, many countries continue to join this to get a say in world economics and politics.

=__**The Cold War** __= The Cold War was an unannounced competition between the Soviet Union and the United States. They were "competing" for militaryand economic dominance. TheSoviet Union had a large amount of land and hadmany headquarters inother countries that they occupied during World War II. This wasthreatening to the U.S. however they were technologically advanced compared to the Soviets. These countries eventually built up their nuclear arms which threatened destruction for either country. Eventually the Soviet Union's republics seceded and the Soviet Union ceased to exist. The Cold War finnaly ended in 1995. = = = = =**__THIRD WORLD __**= Third world nations are nations that were recently made, underdeveloped, or in poverty. Many third world countries during World War II and The Cold War wanted to maintain nuetrality because they were newly created and needed to focus on their own countries stabilty. Third world were often left out of superpower confrontaions or International political meetings.

=__CITATIONS__ = "Cuban Missile Crisis." //U*X*L Encyclopedia of U.S. History//. Sonia Benson, Daniel E. Brannen, Jr., and Rebecca Valentine. Ed. Lawrence W. Baker and Sarah Hermsen. Vol. 2. Detroit: UXL, 2009. 411-413. //Gale Student Resources In Context//. Web. 5 May. 2011 "Cuban Missile Crisis." //International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences//. Ed. William Darity, Jr. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 183-185. //Global Issues In Context//. Web. 5 May. 2011. Becker, D. J. "Cuban missile crisis." In Pubantz, Jerry, and John Allphin Moore Jr. //Encyclopedia of the United Nations//, Second Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. //Modern World History Online//. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp? ItemID=WE53&iPin=EUNN0100&SingleRecord=True (accessed May 12, 2011). Schroeder, Michael J. "Nicaraguan Civil War, 1982–1990." In Ackermann, Marsha E., Michael Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F. Whitters, eds. //Encyclopedia of World History: The Contemporary World, 1950 to the Present//, vol. 6. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. //Modern World History Online//. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp? ItemID=WE53&iPin=WHVI080&SingleRecord=True (accessed May 12, 2011).

(Gaddis, John Lewis. //The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947//. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972, passim.) (Nyamnjoh, Francis B. "Third World." //New Dictionary of the History of Ideas //. Ed. Maryanne Cline Horowitz. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005. 2325-2327. //Gale Student Resources In Context //. Web. 11 May 2011.) Smith, Anthony. "Bandung Conference." // Encyclopedia of Modern Asia //. Ed. Karen Christensen and David Levinson. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. 233. // Gale Virtual Reference Library //. Web. 11 May 2011. Castro, Fidel & Ramonet, Ignacio. "Fidel Castro, My Life" USA. Powelson, Michael. "Cuban Revolution." // Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture //. Ed. Jay Kinsbruner and Erick D. Langer. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 704-707. // Gale Virtual Reference Library //. Web. 12 May 2011.